JFK Essays (2725 words) - Kennedy Family, , Term Papers

JFK JFK John Fitzgerald Kennedy 35th president of the United States, the most youthful individual ever to be chosen president. He was likewise the main Roman Catholic president and the principal president to be conceived in the twentieth century. Kennedy was killed before he finished his third year as president. Along these lines his accomplishments were restricted. By the by, his impact was around the world, and his treatment of the Cuban Missile Crisis may have forestalled war. Youngsters particularly preferred him. No other president was so mainstream. He brought to the administration an attention to the social furthermore, verifiable customs of the United States. Since Kennedy communicated the estimations of twentieth century America, his administration was significant past its political accomplishments. John Kennedy was conceived in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was the second of nine youngsters. Kennedy reported his nomination right on time in 1960. When the Democratic National Convention opened in July, he had won seven essential triumphs. His most significant had been in West Virginia, where he demonstrated that a Roman Catholic could win in a prevalently Protestant state. At the point when the show opened, it showed up that Kennedy's just genuine test for the designation would originate from the Senate greater part pioneer, Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas. In any case, Johnson was solid just among Southern agents. Kennedy won the assignment on the primary voting form and afterward convinced Johnson to turn into his running mate. After fourteen days the Republicans named VP Richard Nixon for president and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., who was represetative to the United Nations and whom Kennedy had vanquished for the Senate in 1952, for VP. In the quick paced crusade that followed, Kennedy made stops in 46 states and 273 urban areas and towns, while Nixon visited each state and 170 urban territories. Another significant component of the crusade was the help Kennedy got from blacks in significant Northern states, particularly Illinois and Pennsylvania. They upheld him to a limited extent on the grounds that he and Robert Kennedy had attempted to get the arrival of the social equality pioneer Martin Luther King, Jr. Ruler, who had been imprisoned for participating in a social liberties show in Georgia, was discharged soon a short time later. The political decision drew a record 69 million voters to the surveys, however Kennedy won by just 113,000 votes. Kennedy was introduced on January 20, 1961. In his debut address he underscored America's progressive legacy. 2The same ... convictions for which our progenitors battled are still at issue the world over, Kennedy said. 3Let the word go forward from this time what's more, spot to companion and enemy the same, that the light has been passed to a new age of Americans-conceived in this century, tempered by war, restrained by a hard and severe harmony, glad for our old legacy and reluctant to observe or allow the moderate fixing of those human rights to which this country has consistently been submitted and to which we are submitted today at home and around the globe. Kennedy moved Americans to expect the weight of shielding opportunity in its hour of most extreme peril. The words of his location were, 4Ask not what your nation can accomplish for you-ask what you can accomplish for your nation. Kennedy looked for with impressive achievement to draw in splendid youngsters to taxpayer supported organization. His expectation was to bring new thoughts and new strategies into the official branch. Thus a considerable lot of his guides were instructors and researchers. Among them were McGeorge Bundy and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., the two alumni of Harvard. Kennedy's most compelling guide was Theodore C. Sorenson, an individual from Kennedy's staff since his days in the Senate. Sorenson composed a considerable lot of Kennedy's discourses and applied a solid effect on Kennedy's improvement as a political liberal, 5 an individual who accepts that the administration ought to straightforwardly help individuals to defeat destitution or then again social separation. The president and Mrs. Kennedy endeavored to make the White House the social focal point of the country. Authors, specialists, artists, researchers, and performers were visit supper visitors. On one event the Kennedy's held a gathering for all the American champs of the Nobel Prize, individuals who made extraordinary commitments to their field during the previous year. At the gathering the president recommended that more ability and virtuoso was at the White House that night than there had been since Thomas Jefferson had last feasted there alone. At a gathering with the pioneer of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Nikita Khrushchev, Kennedy inquired the name of an award Khrushchev was wearing. At the point when the chief distinguished it as the Lenin Peace Medal, Kennedy commented, 6I expectation you keep it. On another event he told a gathering of Republican business pioneers, 7It would be untimely to request your help in

King of the castle tension Essay Example for Free

Lord of the stronghold pressure Essay ?â€Å"I’m the King of the Castle†: Literature Coursework Investigate the manners by which Susan Hill utilizes language to make pressure and a feeling of premonition in â€Å"I’m the King of the Castle† Susan Hill actualizes a few composing methods to make strain in the novel. Pressure in this sense essentially implies mental strain or fervor in the perusers. One of the procedures utilized is demonstrated when she utilizes a third-individual portrayal to portray the story. This storyteller is omniscient and suggests that he/she isn't one of the characters in the novel, but simultaneously knows all that is going through the characters minds. Slope utilizes this procedure to welcome the perusers on an excursion of moving openly in existence to permit them to realize what any character is doing or thinking at any one purpose of time. This is just conceivable on the grounds that the storyteller isn't a character in the novel and is permitted to be anyplace, whenever. Susan Hill utilizes a wide range of strategies to put a point over, the most significant being her utilization of symbolism. Anyway her composing likewise has numerous different characteristics, for example, great structure and her capacity to think like her characters. Likewise she figures out how to develop strain and uses various methods of stressing words or expressions. These variables add to her interesting suggestive style and add to her notoriety of being an extremely capable essayist. In part eleven, she depicts distinctively how Kingshaw feels wiped out with dread when Hooper secures him in the shed. He spewed, and afterward started to upchuck, everywhere throughout the sacks, the debilitated descending his nose and stifling him. It tasted unpleasant. He twisted advances, holding his stomach. At the point when it completed he cleaned his mouth on the sleeve of his shirt. He was shuddering once more. This entry is a case of her phenomenal utilization of symbolism. She invokes an image of the scene just as communicating Kingshaws fears and faculties in a reminiscent style by utilizing a scene that we would all be able to identify with and comprehend. A case of Susan Hills great structure is at the earliest reference point of the novel, when Hooper and Kingshaw initially meet, Hooper sends Kingshaw a note saying I didnt need you to come here. This sets up the story line from the earliest starting point, driving us to anticipate that occasions should come. At that point at the finish of the novel before Kingshaw ends it all, Hopper sends him a last note saying Something will transpire Kingshaw. She demonstrates the capacity to have the option to have a similar outlook as a kid, which adds to the general effect of the book in light of the fact that the fundamental character is Kingshaw who is a kid. This procedure of her considerations gives us a more extensive comprehension of Kingshaws character and his contemplations. Instances of her reasoning like a youngster show up in numerous structures in the novel. One of them is her utilization of adolescent language and sentence structure. Presently, he thought, I comprehend what Hooper is truly similar to. Hes an infant. What's more, inept. What's more, a domineering jerk. Notice in this specific expression that she utilizes puerile words like child, moronic and menace. The utilization of short sudden sentences underscore the words and adds to the puerile topic, since it is syntactically mistaken to begin a sentence with a combination, which is the thing that a youngster may do). Another type of her puerile reasoning is the way she shows a comprehension of childrens fears and their responses. A case of this is Kingshaws dread of moths. There are a ton of moths, Hooper said delicately, there consistently are, in woods. Truly enormous ones, too. Kingshaws stomach gripped. In his noses, he could smell the smell of the Red Room. This section shows how Hooper insults Kingshaw with his dread (immaturely). She shows Kingshaws response to his dread by saying his stomach grasped. She at that point proceeds with his memory of the Red Room, where he had been terrified by the demise moths, utilizing her reminiscent style to depict how he connects moths with the smelly smell of the Red Room. She utilizes the case of moths all through the book, alongside Kingshaws different feelings of trepidation, for example, feathered creatures. To keep the peruser alert Susan Hill would in general change starting with one scene then onto the next unexpectedly. A Classic model is in section sixteen, when each one was in the Breakfast room upon the arrival of Mrs. Helena Kingshaw and Mr. Hoopers wedding declaration. Out of nowhere the scene changes to them being in a sloppy field. This can be very confounding for the peruser yet it keeps them alert. It was likewise in this scene where Susan Hill demonstrated her capacity to develop pressure. This was finished by Kingshaw communicating his feelings of trepidation about something that we don't think about, and Mrs. Helena Kingshaw discussing how he was terrified by this thing when he was pretty much nothing. As the section proceeds with the author provides us some insight that the obscure dread is of a specific spot lastly (after a page of composing) she discloses to us that the spot being referred to is a carnival. Susan Hill utilizes a wide range of methods to develop an environment. As I would see it the best environment that she made was in parts twelve and thirteen, when Hooper tumbles off the palace divider. When Kingshaw arrives at the highest point of the manor (without Hooper) he feels a feeling of intensity. He yells out â€Å"Im the King of the castle† which identifies with the title of the book. To cause us see how Kingshaw truly does to feel King, she rehashes the expression I am the King threefold. He felt so incredible that he figured he could murder Hooper. When Kingshaw is in an anger with Hopper, advising him to descend, he swears at him, this stuns the peruser, as he is just a kid. When Hooper is tumbling off the manor divider Kingshaw orders TAKE YOUR HANDS OFF THE WALL, HOOPER. The utilization of capital letter makes the impact that what he is stating is significant. When Hooper falls and is carted away on a cot, thunder thunders in the back ground which gives the unexpected influence that it won't be something beneficial for Kingshaw. Kingshaw is then made to get down from the stronghold, which can be classed for instance of his life. Each time he arrives at the top he is constantly compelled to return down which is, by and by, unexpected. The entire book gives a massive feeling of strain to the peruser. The air is one of tension and risk. The general utilization of unexpected, straightforward discourse highlights the sentiment of approaching hazard. Susan Hill composes the novel in a manner which makes the peruser continually be alert, and to anticipate that the evil and premonition should happen. Arsalan Abdullah

If the roots are imaginary, then the dots will be blue

If the roots are imaginary, then the dots will be blue… As its been nearly a month since I posted (yeah. Ive been hosed. I still am I just got out of my 8.02 final, and I have 5.12 tomorrow.), I decided that upon my return, Id treat you to my collection of 18.03 quotes, all said by longtime professor Arthur Mattuck. (Hes been teaching here for over 40 years!) These quotes have peppered my notebook all term, so Ive compiled the best of them here. Enjoy! If the roots are imaginary, then the dots in the applet will be blue. (Draws dots in orange on board, waves chalk in the air.) See? Blue. And now Im reminded of an old joke, which I will not tell you. If I give you a colossal drug dosage then youll be dead, and the differential equation we just spent the entire class on wont apply anymore. You can tell this is an integral because Im acting like its going to be an integral. I think Id better have some colored chalk in my hand; otherwise, everything will be in white and nothing will be intelligible. Lets see if we can factor this. This being 18.03 and not real life, we can always factor it. And my favorites, these two extended examples: Say theres an arms race between New Hampshire and Vermont, them being right next to each other and all. New Hampshire suspects Vermont of sneaking across the border and attempting to destroy the Old Man on the Mountain, effectively ruining the states tourist trade. Meanwhile, Vermont suspects New Hampshire of smuggling Canadian maple syrup. The differential equations representing the change in the number of arms each country has are dependent on how often the two states attack each other, as shown here: NH = x, VT = y x = -2x + y y = x 2y x(0) = 2, y(0) = 1 New Hampshire starts out with twice as many arms, which is to be expected because they have Live Free or Die on their license plates So on the A axis well plot tr(A). Stability occurs when both A and B are greater than zero. Say its like a relationship, where fear of commitment occurs when A0, and ones competitive instinct comes into play when B0. So up here in the first quadrant we have a normal, stable relationship, and down here in the third oh, I dont know, its like when Jennifer gets fed up with Charlie and dumps him for Janine. Or Richard. Anyway, someone more exciting than Charlie. So, yes, you can find that down here. Mattucks lectures are legendary, and there are plenty of webpages with more quotes of his. Check them out! More quotes And look, another!

Thomas Letter A Good Teacher - 2301 Words

Svetlana Gladkaya Prof. Julie Hershenberg GOVT 2305 S74 November 20th 2014 Thomas Jefferson- A Good Teacher A good teacher represents his teaching by being a good example to others and by following his own guidelines. Likewise, politicians should also practice what they preach for the good of the society. A famous quote from The Declaration of Independence written by the politician, vice-president and after all, the third president of America, Thomas Jefferson reads â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence paved way for the freedom of America from the British and has been entitled as the most important document in the history of America. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13th 1743 at Shadwell, Virginia at the time when America was under British Colonies in power of King George III. It was also the time whereby inequality was pronounced, and the black ma n was owned by a white man. Slavery was a day to day event. Jefferson being a white man inherited his fathers and father-in-laws slaves. There was about 200 slaves on Jefferson plantations each year. At age of 16 he went to the College of William and Marry where he studied metaphysics, mathematics, philosophy and other subjects. Jefferson was a curious student and he completed his studies in short period ofShow MoreRelatedImproving the Lives of So Many: The Invention of Sign Language823 Words   |  3 PagesEventually with the help of Thomas Gallaudet Sign Language was brought to the US and together the pair helped improve the lives of Deaf people living in the United States. Laurent Clerc was a deaf man from France born on December 26th 1785. He was not born Deaf however; he became Deaf around the age of 1 after falling into a fireplace. This incident left Laurent with a scar on his face. The scar eventually became a part of his name sign which was stroking the letter U down the right cheek. WhenRead MoreUnwelcomed Evaluations by Teachers Nationwide Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesranks of public schools and find, train, and measure good teachers in a variety of ways. Many states have adopted teacher evaluation systems based on student test scores largely to receive federal Race to the Top grants or waivers from No Child Left Behind. These evaluations are mostly unwelcomed by educators nationwide, due to the unfair and ineffective consequences that have resulted from the evaluation systems. Under the new system, each teacher and principal will receive an annual professionalRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame a leader for an abolitionist movement and spoke and wrote many different things about the evils of slavery. He was the most respected and famous African American in the nineteenth century. Fredrick Douglass used pathos to give his audience a good insight of how being educated can give a former slave a better free life. While Fredrick Douglass was a slave he got the opportunity to learn things that were illegal for other slaves to know. His master’s wife, Mrs. Auld, taught him the alphabetRead More Friedrich Froebel and Marie Clay Essay example1538 Words   |  7 PagesFroebel†, 2000). Kindergarten acts as a bridge between home play and school life. Froebel expanded on Pestalozzi’s philosophy that school should be an emotionally secure environment. He said the teacher should act as a moral and cultural model for children, a model worthy of emulation. Before this time teachers were considered a disciplinarian. The early years in education are the most critical for forming a foundation to continue. With Froebel’s philosophy that children learn through experiencesRead MoreThe Life Of Error, By Diane Ravitch856 Words   |  4 Pagessolutions to the issues that started in the education system in the 1980 s by the federal government and are still having a consequence on America today. Ravitch focuses in on the ineffectiveness of educational reforms and legislation put in place for teachers and school districts. For example, she states, When evidence is lacking, we should not move forward with a sense of urgency. The reformers are putting the nation s children on a train that is headed for a cliff. (3-4) One of the fundamental pointsRead MoreHappiness : The Goal Of Life1624 Words   |  7 PagesReligions Perspective on Happiness a. Overview of Religions b. Christians, Islamic and Judaism c. Buddhism and Taoism 3. People Throughout History’s Thoughts on Happiness a. Overview of Peoples Perspectives b. Henry David Thoreau and Benjamin Franklin c. Thomas Jefferson and Aristotle 4. Personal Views on Happiness a. A goal to be accomplished b. Conclusion Happiness: The Goal of Life Throughout the history of mankind there have been a few things that humans have seeked including food, water and shelterRead MoreImportant Issues in the Non-Pauline Churches1539 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are issues in the non-Pauline churches because the scriptures point out several and the author address them. This paper will focus on those issues found in the non-Pauline letters which were written to the churches of that day. Then those issues will be compared to the issues which are found in the Pauline letters. Many of these issues are somewhat similar to the same problems which are found in the churches of today. In addressing one of the issues in the book of Hebrews, The late Dr.Read More Religion Has No Place in Public Schools Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe constitution is a set of laws set by the government to protect the nation’s rights. One of those rights is the First Amendment which discusses the prohibition of an established religion and allows the free exercise of religion. Thomas Jefferson had written a letter discussing the separation of church and state, which has resulted in many debates over the limitations of religion in the public schools (Hamburger). There is research that supports both the arguments that students can benefit academicallyRead MoreA Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Analysis1022 Words   |  5 Pagesfeelings† and most definitely â€Å"preserved from the blighting and dehumanizing effects of slavery† (32). As a result of such unprecedented kindness â€Å"she†¦ commenced to teach [him] the A, B, C† and â€Å"assi st [him] in learning to spell words of three or four letters† (32). By receiving basic knowledge of the alphabet and spelling, Douglass reveals his first step up the ladder to freedom. Once the first step is taken, the beginning of his education further allows Douglass to comprehend his condition and surroundingRead MoreOur Readings Are For All Saints Day1111 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Kiesnowski, Mary Blando, Tate Resch-Gauger Our Readings are for All Saints Day November 1, 2015 The first Reading is from the book of Revelations Book Summary: Revelations were written around A.D. 96 by John. It is an apocalyptic book describing the revelation Jesus Christ gave to John. It was written for all Christians. The First Reading: Revelations 7:2-4, 9-14: Then I saw another angel come up from the East, holding the seal of the living God. He cried out in a loud voice to the four

Essay on Abercrombie Fitch Case Study - 1856 Words

Abercrombie Fitch Case Study Abercrombie Fitch is one of the leading clothing companies in the world. They manufacture and sell apparel that target the 18-24 year old demographic who represent the â€Å"All-American Look.† Many people argue about the definition of what is â€Å"All-American,† since the United States continues to evolve and include many different cultures and races. Abercrombie Fitch has been successful for over 100 years, but recently has come under constant scrutiny about its hiring practices. Company Overview Abercrombie Co. was founded by David Abercrombie on June 4, 1892. In 1900, Ezra Fitch joined the company and it then became known as Abercrombie Fitch. Since the very†¦show more content†¦What did the company do to change its policies? Did they change their definition of â€Å"All-American?† Do they still enforce the new diversity policies in their stores today? Abercrombie Fitch continues to operate and successfully sell their apparel in the United States and around the world. Situation Overview In June 2003, Eduardo Gonzalez, along with several other African American, Hispanic, and Asian former Abercrombie Fitch employees, filed a class action lawsuit against the company for racial discrimination. The former â€Å"brand representatives† felt that the company assigned them specific tasks and areas to work in based on their ethnicity. The lawsuit, Gonzalez v. Abercrombie Fitch was originally filed in U.S. District Court in San Francisco in June 2003 by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF), the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Asian Pacific American Legal Center and the law firm of Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann, Bernstein, LLP. The suit was consolidated with other cases charging employment discrimination against women and minorities filed by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the law firm of Minami, Lew, Tamaki, LLP., and the law firm of Kohn, Swift Graf, P.C. Even with overwhelming evidence being present and several employees coming forward to attest toShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Abercrombie Fitch966 Words   |  4 PagesAbercrombie Fitch (which will hereafter be referred to as ANF to avoid confusion with one of its individual chains called Abercrombie Fitch) is a company currently known for owning the popular clothing store chains, such as Hollister Co., Gilly Hicks (formerly), Ruehl (formerly), and Abercrombie Fitch. The various ANF chains center around a preppy, yet casual theme. Originally established in 1892 in New York City as a sporting goods store, ANF eventually evolved into a luxury clothing conglomerateRead MoreCase Study: Abercrombie Fitch948 Words   |  4 Pages1. Abercrombie Fitch (ANF) uses US GAAP as its accounting standards, as required by US securities regulators and accounting conventions (2009 ANF Annual Report). The Securities and Exchange Commission strongly recommends the use of the most up-to-date GAAP taxonomy in the preparation of financial statements and communications for American public co mpanies (SEC.gov, 2011). HM is a Swedish company, and its stocks are listed on the OMX Nordic Exchange in Stockholm (Hm.com, 2012). Firms listed onRead MoreAbercrombie and Fitch Case Study1443 Words   |  6 PagesAbercrombie and Fitch Case Analysis MGT625 April 11, 2012 Elizabeth Payne Abstract Abercrombie and Fitch (Aamp;F) is a typical mall front store. They have been in the business for a century and are not going anywhere. Aamp;F sees their fair share of mock items and lawsuits. However, through it all, Aamp;F has made it to be successful, overcome threats, and open similar chains to target a wider range age market. Introduction                  Ã‚  Abercrombie amp; Fitch was founded in 1892 as a uniqueRead MoreCase Study : Abercrombie And Fitch1780 Words   |  8 Pages Abercrombie Fitch has become a well-known clothing store in many household homes in the last decade whether it’s from their various scandals or their over-sex ads, everyone is familiar with this clothing brand. However, Abercrombie was not always the teen clothing store, when it first opened in June of 1892, it targeted hunters and fishermen by selling hunting and fishing equipment and was originally called David T. Abercrombie Co. By 1904, the company officially got its name of Abercrombie Read MoreAbercrombie Fitch, The Upscale Clothing Retailer Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesAbercrombie Fitch, the upscale clothing retailer known for its attractive sales assistant’s and models used for stores and advertisements has a long history of racism and sexism. Starting back in 2002, the company sold shirts that were r acially insensitive to Asians, marketed thongs with sexual phrases on them to pre-teens, and made men shirts that read â€Å"Female students needed for sexual research.† These products were soon removed after they caused controversy among parents and young women. TheRead MoreA and F1087 Words   |  5 PagesAbercrombie Fitch ABERCROMBIE FITCH CASE STUDY COMPANY PROFILE Abercrombie Fitch Co. is a leading specialty retailer encompassing three concepts Abercrombie Fitch, Abercrombie, and Hollister Co. The company focuses on providing high-quality merchandise that compliments the casual classic American lifestyle. The merchandise is sold in retail stores throughout the United States and through catalogs. The company also operates an e-commerce website at www.abercrombie.com, a kids website atRead MoreJamba Juice Case1399 Words   |  6 PagesJamba Juice Case Thought Starters 1. Please analyze the external environment for Jamba Juice concentrating on the six external variables discussed in class. 2. Review the value chain for Jamba Juice and discuss where they are gaining a competitive advantage. 3. Discuss the marketing strategy for Jamba Juice and how it is positioning itself. Do you agree with this strategy? 4. If you were a marketing director for Jamba Juice and were asked to develop an advertising and media plan whichRead MoreAbercrombie And Fitch : An American Retailer Founded 1898 By David T. Abercrombie1076 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Abercrombie and Fitch are an American retailer founded 1898 by David T. Abercrombie and high profile lawyer Ezra Fitch as a small waterfront shop on South Street in Manhattan called Abercrombie Co. The company focuses on designing casual wear for young consumers. AF was famed for its wide variety of expensive and often exotic sporting equipment and attire, ranging from tennis shoes to elephant guns. This report aims to help Abercrombie and Fitch find the best method to gain successRead MoreAbercrombie and Fitch: International expansion external and internal analysis5106 Words   |  21 Pagesï » ¿ Abercrombie and Fitch: International expansion external and internal analysis Name Here Business Mgmt Name Here Date Here Executive Summary This case study was identified to examine why international sales volume of Abercrombie and Fitch have increased over the past three years and to recommend further international expansion to increase sales volume. The research draws attention to the fact that in 2009, the US stores generated 81.2% of Abercrombie and Fitch’sRead MoreAbercrombie Fitch1445 Words   |  6 PagesAbercrombie Fitch Sadarya McArthur Strayer University I. Identify and describe the greatest environmental threats that have immediate implications for AF. A. Lack of Variety AF was known for its lack of variety. They were known for hiring males and females with a certain kind of style. You had to look a certain way to be an employee and most of all you had to be attractive. Females had to wear makeup to enhance their features and males had to be clean shaven with

Company Of Interest Library Assignment Free Essays

They have wonderful bed side manner and the staff has always been compassionate, patient, and extremely helpful. Another reason chose Concentrate is because of their many locations. Although would prefer to work at the 12 Mile and Hoover location because it is about a mile from my house, unfortunately, they are not hiring medical assistants at this time. We will write a custom essay sample on Company Of Interest Library Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the Sterling Heights location located at 40732 Van Dyke, Sterling Heights, MI. 4831 3, is hiring. That facility is only 8 miles from my house. Upon research, did find out that Concentrate requires their employees to have a minimum of 12 months direct work experience, current medical assistant irredentist, as well as one year of continuous experience in clinical operations or medical office work after extrinsic. I possess all of the requirements except one year of clinical operations or medical office work after extrinsic. Will be on my way to meeting that requirement upon completion of this program. The reason I want to work there is because Concentrate is a fast paced environment, and there are strict deadlines. Also, compassion and good bed side manner is a quality I have. In my opinion, it is one of the most important qualities a health care worker can have. Concentrate offers 401 (k) with employer match, Medical/Vision/Prescription/ Dental Plans/Life Insurance/Disability Sick Leave/Vacation/Heydays/Personal Days, as well as Colleague Referral Bonuses and Live Healthy Incentives. That is a strong benefit package, comparable to what other companies offer in my experience. According to the web site Michigan. Gob, a medical office assistant middle range salary is from $9. 93 to $12. 18 per hour in East Central Michigan. How to cite Company Of Interest Library Assignment, Papers

Play Review Hay Fever by Noel Coward Essay Example

Play Review: Hay Fever by Noel Coward Essay Authored by Noel Coward in 1924, the play Hay Fever was first performed the following year at the Ambassadors Theatre. The original cast included eminent actors and actresses from the Jazz Age America. These include Helen Spencer, Robert Andrews, Marie Tempest and Graham Browne who comprise the members of the Bliss family. Most of the action takes place in the Hall of David Bliss’ house, which is located beside River Thames at Cookham, Berkshire. The eccentricities of the four members of the Bliss family become heightened during a weekend, when each of them invites a guest over without consulting other members. The farce and comedy then come to the fore, as the family tries to resolve its internal disputes in the midst of their guests. (Mander Mitchenson, 2000) This essay will argue that beside the hilarious comedy on offer, the lasting success of the play is due to skillful handling of its production, especially its scenic design and dramaturgy. Being a comedy of high manners and bohemian excesses, the setting and design of the stage and the choice of costumes for the actors is crucial for the play’s success. Although Hay Fever has been adopted and enacted by different theatre houses since its inauguration in 1925, they all retain certain key qualities. While different directors may have stamped their trademark style on their productions of Hay Fever, they have all presented the visual effect intended by Noel Coward. Scenic Designer Todd Rosenthal had worked on a Hay Fever production under the directorship of Gary Griffin. For this, Rosenthal made comprehensive research of previous productions and studied their photographs. From the rough sketches and the ground plan, a 3D ‘white model’ of the set was then presented to the director. A ‘white model’ consumes far less time to make than a full fledged model and is also easy to modify as needed. The next step â€Å"of the process was to f inalize detailed scale plans for the set to be constructed from, and a full color model, so that the set builders and painters could see what they were aiming to produce.† (www.courttheatre.org, 2011) We will write a custom essay sample on Play Review: Hay Fever by Noel Coward specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Play Review: Hay Fever by Noel Coward specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Play Review: Hay Fever by Noel Coward specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another interesting production element is the Dramaturgy. Conceived and set in an English sub-urban setting, it was important that the tastes and sensibilities of 1920s Britain was captured and explained to audiences outside the country. The success of the play in the United States proves the effective dramaturgy behind its various adaptations. The Dramaturge is the person who interprets the play to the director and helps in the transition of the literary text into a performance artwork. In the various instances of the performance of Hay Fever, the role of the Dramaturge stands out. As a key member of the Creative team, â€Å"the Dramaturge is also responsible for editing the text of the play – comparing different editions and/or deciding on different translations. Finally, the Dramaturge is responsible for writing the program notes and any other articles about the play (including magazine articles) that will be distributed to the audience.† (www.courttheatre.org, 2011) Hence, in conclusion, we see the importance of production elements such as Scenic Design and Dramaturgy behind the success of Hay Fever. The adept understanding of the essence of the play by Scenic Designers and Dramaturges is reflected in the enduring visual/intellectual appeal of the play nearly 90 years after its first production. Works Cited: Coward, Noel. Hay Fever. Heinemann, London, 1964. ISBN 0 435 20196 4 Mander, Raymond and Joe Mitchenson. Theatrical Companion to Coward. Updated by Barry Day and Sheridan Morley. Oberon 2000. ISBN 1-84002-054-7. A Study Guide to Hay Fever, Court Theatre, retrieved from on 16th October, 2011 Authored by Noel Coward in 1924, the play Hay Fever was first performed the following year at the Ambassadors Theatre. The original cast included eminent actors and actresses from the Jazz Age America. These include Helen Spencer, Robert Andrews, Marie Tempest and Graham Browne who comprise the members of the Bliss family. Most of the action takes place in the Hall of David Bliss’ house, which is located beside River Thames at Cookham, Berkshire. The eccentricities of the four members of the Bliss family become heightened during a weekend, when each of them invites a guest over without consulting other members. The farce and comedy then come to the fore, as the family tries to resolve its internal disputes in the midst of their guests. (Mander Mitchenson, 2000) This essay will argue that beside the hilarious comedy on offer, the lasting success of the play is due to skillful handling of its production, especially its scenic design and .

Iron in the Industrial Revolution

Iron in the Industrial Revolution Iron was one of the most basic requirements of the rapidly industrializing British economy, and the country certainly had plenty of raw materials. However, in 1700, the iron industry was not efficient and most iron was imported into Britain. By 1800, after technical developments, the iron industry was a net exporter. Iron in the 18th Century The pre-revolution iron industry was based on small, localized production facilities sited near essential ingredients such as water, limestone, and charcoal. This produced multiple small monopolies on production and a set of small iron producing areas like South Wales. While Britain had good iron ore reserves, the iron produced was of low quality with plenty of impurities, limiting its use. There was plenty of demand but not much was produced as wrought iron, which had many of the impurities hammered out, took a long time to make, and was available in cheaper imports from Scandinavia. Thus, there was a bottleneck for industrialists to solve. At this stage, all the techniques of iron smelting were old and traditional and the key method was the blast furnace, used from 1500 onward. This was relatively quick  but produced brittle iron. Did the Iron Industry Fail Britain? There is a traditional view that the iron industry failed to satisfy the British market from 1700 to 1750, which instead had to rely on imports and couldn’t advance. This was because iron simply couldn’t meet demand and over half of the iron used came from Sweden. While the British industry was competitive in war, when the costs of imports rose, peace was problematic. The size of furnaces remained small in this era, limited output, and the technology was dependent upon the amount of timber in the area. As transport was poor, everything needed to be close together, further limiting production. Some small ironmasters tried to group together to get around this issue, with some success. In addition, British ore was plentiful but contained lots of sulfur and phosphorous, which made brittle iron. The technology to deal with this problem was lacking. The industry was also highly labor-intensive and, while the labor supply was good, this produced a very high cost. Consequently, British iron was used for cheap, poor quality items like nails. The Development of the Industry As the industrial revolution developed, so did the iron industry. A set of innovations, from different materials to new techniques, allowed iron production to expand greatly. In 1709, Darby became the first man to smelt iron with coke (which is made from heating coal). Although this was a key date, the impact was limited - as the iron was still brittle. Around 1750, a steam engine was first used to pump water back up to power a water wheel. This process only lasted a small time as the industry became better able to move around as coal took over. In 1767, Richard Reynolds helped costs fall and raw material travel farther by developing the first iron rails, although this was superseded by canals. In 1779, the first all-iron bridge was built, really demonstrating what could be done with enough iron, and stimulating interest in the material. The construction relied on carpentry techniques. Watt’s rotary action steam engine in 1781 helped increase the furnace size and was used for bellows, helping to boost production. Arguably, the key development came in 1783-4, when Henry Cort introduced the puddling and rolling techniques. These were ways of getting all the impurities out of iron  and allowing large-scale production, and a vast increase in it. The iron industry began to relocate to coal fields, which usually had iron ore nearby. Developments elsewhere also helped to boost iron by stimulating demand, such as the increase in steam engines (which needed iron), which in turn boosted iron innovations as one industry bred new ideas elsewhere. Another major development was the Napoleonic Wars, due to increased demand by the military for iron and the effects of Napoleon’s attempted blockade of British ports in the Continental System. From 1793 to 1815, British iron production quadrupled. Blast furnaces got bigger. In 1815, when peace broke out, the price of iron and demand fell, but by then Britain had become the largest European producer of iron. The New Iron Age 1825 has been called the start of the new Iron Age, as the iron industry experienced a massive stimulation from the heavy demand for railways, which needed iron rails, iron in the stock, bridges, tunnels and more. Meanwhile, civilian use increased, as everything which could be made of iron began to be in demand, even window frames. Britain became renowned for railway iron. After the initial high demand in Britain dropped, the country exported iron for railway construction abroad. The Iron Revolution in History British iron production in 1700 was 12,000 metric tons a year. This rose to over two million by 1850. Although Darby is sometimes cited as the major innovator, it was Cort’s new methods which had the major effect and his principles are still used today. The location of the industry experienced as big a change as that of production and technology, as businesses were able to move to coalfields. But the effects of innovation in other industries on iron (and in coal and steam) cannot be overstated, and neither can the effect of iron developments on them.

French Expressions Using Vouloir

French Expressions Using Vouloir The French verb vouloir literally means to want and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to hold a grudge, only half want something, wish someone well, and more with this list of expressions with vouloir. Possible Meanings of Vouloir to wantto claim, assertto expectto need, require Vouloir has a different meaning in certain verb tenses and moods. Expressions with Vouloir vouloir manger/boireto want something to eat/drinkvouloir absolumentto be dead set on, determined tovouloir biento really want toVouloir, cest pouvoir (proverb)Where theres a will theres a wayvouloir de food/drinkto want somevouloir direto meanvouloir du bien quelquunto wish someone wellvouloir du mal quelquunto wish someone ill/harmvouloir faire quelque choseto want to do somethingvouloir que quelquun fasse quelque choseto want someone to do somethingvouloir que quelque chose se fasseto want something to be donevouloir quelque chose de quelquunto want something from someonevouloir sans vouloirto only half wanten vouloir (informal)to want/be raring to goen vouloir (informal)to be mad at (someone), be after (something)ne pas vouloir blesser quelquunto not mean to hurt someonene pas vouloir quon se croie obligà ©to not want someone to feel obligedne pas vouloir de quelquun/quelque choseto not want someone/somethingne plus vouloir de quelquun/quelque choseto no longer want someone /somethingsans le vouloirunintentionally, inadvertentlysans vouloir te/vous vexerno offensesen vouloir de infinitiveto be annoyed with oneself forÇa va comme tu veux? (informal)Is everything all right/OK?comme le veut la loiaccording to the law, as the law requirescomme le veut la traditionaccording to traditionComme tu veux / vous voulezAs you like/wish/please, Have it your way, Suit yourselfComment voulez-vous que je sache  ?How should I know?, How do you expect me to know?Comment veux-tu / voulez-vous que subjunctive  ?How do you expect (s.o. to do s.t.)?faire de quelquun ce quon veutto do what one likes with someone, to twist someone around his/her little fingerLe feu na pas voulu prendrethe fire wouldnt light ou catchle hasard voulut queas luck would have it... en veux-tu en voil (informal)tons of...Il y a des problà ¨mes en veux-tu en voil (informal)There are tons of problemsIls en voulaient sa vieThey wanted him deadJaurais voulu que vous voyiez sa tà ªte  !I wish you could have seen his face!Jaurais voulu ty voir  !Id like to see what youd have done!Je men voudrais  !Not on your life!Je ne ten veux pasIm not mad at you, No hard feelingsJe ne voudrais pas abuserI dont want to imposeJe veux  ! (familiar)You bet! Id love to!Je veux bienYes, pleaseJe veux bien le croire mais ...Id like to believe him but ...Je voudrais que vous voyiez sa tà ªte  !I wish you could see his face!Je voulais te/vous dire...I wanted, meant to tell you...Je voudrais bien voir à §a  !Id like to see that!Je voudrais ty voir  !Id like to see you try!Le malheur a voulu quil subjunctiveHe had the misfortune to...Moi je veux bien, mais...Fair enough, but ...Ne men veuillez pasDont hold it against meNe men veux pas (informal)Dont hold it against meQuand on veut, on peut (proverb)Where theres a will theres a wayQuest-ce que tu veux / vous voulez  ?What can you do?, What do you expect?Que veux-tu / voulez-vous  ?What can you do?, What do you expect?Que voulez-vous quon y fasse  ?What do you expect us/them to do about it?Quest-ce que tu veux que je te dise  ?What can I say? what do you want me to say?Que lui voulez-vous  ?What do you want with him?Quest-ce quil me veut, celui-l  ? (info rmal)What does he want from me? quil le veuille ou nonwhether he likes it or notsavoir ce quon veutto know what one wantsSi tu veuxIf you like/want, If you willSi tu voulais bien le faireIf youd be kind enough to do itSi vous le voulez bienIf you dont mindSi vous voulez bien me suivreThis way, pleaseTu las voulu  !You asked for it!Tu lauras voulu  !Itll be your own fault! Youll have brought it on yourself!Tu ne men veux pas  ?No hard feelings?Tu veux bien leur dire que...Would you please tell them that ...Lusage veut que...Custom requires that...Veuillez agrà ©er/croire... (business letter)Please accept...Veuillez croire toute ma sympathiePlease accept my deepest sympathyVeux-tu (bien) infinitive  !Will you (please) ...!Veux-tu que je te dise/raconte pourquoi...  ?Shall I tell you why ...?Voudriez-vous avoir lobligeance/lamabilità © de...Would you be so kind as to ...Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir  ?Do you want to sleep with me tonight?se vouloirto claim to be, to be supposed to beVouloir conj ugations

Democracy and Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy and Economy - Essay Example ( Reginald Chua (2000)) .Democracy do have its cons which hinders the path of development in one way or another for example in the country where literacy rates are very low , where the cast system are very much prevalent , people are emotional there the very basic foundation of democracy, the right of people to elect their representative to govern them is massively distorted , the people there usually are unaware of their own rights and their usage so in those countries only corrupt people come in democracy and use it only for their own self interest and people's development is totally ignored. Well if any authoritarian country's administration make sure the right of people are well protected and assure their personal , professional and economical growth, maintain good standard of living for its inhabitants, provide them with basic facilities of life, provide them with employment then the development of the country is inveterate. The living example of it is China and Singapore. Hans F.Sennholz (2007) stated "The most startling progress over the last two decades has been in China which labors under and authoritarian regime". The world poorest democratic states are also as much democratic as the wealthier states but the difference lies in governance (Hans 2007). The key point of this statement is that development is not correlated to democracy that much than it is related to the governance of the country. Some of the countries which has been liberated in early twentieth century like Australia in 1901and New Zealand in 1947 they had government institutes running previously with much of an ideology and legal methods so after freedom they didn't have to work from scratch but those countries which were deprive of such institutions and... The researcher of this essay states that if we look to the meaning of development then according to American heritage Dictionary of English Language (2006) it is define as â€Å"A progression from simpler or lower to a more advance, mature or complex form of state or stage† it is also define as â€Å"act of developing â€Å". Development also have some key indicators which help the economist to access the development rate of the country some of them are per capita income, literacy rate, unemployment rate, standard of living, availability of basic facilities like electricity and gas etc. Democracy in this dictionary is define as â€Å"government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system†. The researcher then focuses on the analysis of the Asia’s democracies, such as India and Philippines, that are less progressive than the other au thoritarian government, such as China or North Korea. Summing up the discussion the researcher can say one thing with utmost authentication and that is the factor that matter much more than democracy or no democracy is the leader, along with his/her leadership qualities, social culture and pressure economic policies and rule of law, if these factors and may other major and minor factors of economy are being effectively implemented and foster into positive direction then the development is 100% bound to come else nothing can guarantee development what so ever.

Methods of Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Methods of - Research Paper Example Approximately 76% of firms in different geographical areas use social networking to achieve their marketing strategy. Retailers have achieved 133% increases in profit through the mobile market and thus they promote social media. An approximated 40% of United States shoppers usually use their Smartphone to buy products online and thus becoming a need than a want. There is a gap that exists while investing in social media marketing. Messages are shared in the social network concerning the brands and services offered by a certain firm and thus they are passed from user to user. This means that the company only posted once in the site for example, in the Facebook which has millions users. The messages and images of the brands are available to the third person without his or her request that he or she wants the brands but they are going to be posted. This means that the firm that posted the brands once does not need to keep on monitoring who has been interacting with their site. Through t he use of social media they can use the strategy of winning a prize or the first individual who can share and like the brands in the firm can win a prize or get the brand of his or her choice at a discounted rate. This is a gap that many companies have never thought about it but play a significant role in social media marketing. Based on the research done by Mangold and Faulds (2009), though investing in social media is costly, it plays a significant role in marketing for example, brand awareness is attained. Social media is a tool that creates competition in the market since different companies use the technology to advertise their products through such media. For example the use of Facebook, YouTube, twitter, Google and LinkedIn among others. One of the notable aspects to note while educating an individual who want to use social media marketing is that it is generally expensive. However, in reality it plays a significant role in making sure that awareness of the

Violence in Schools: Causes, Effects and Prevention

Violence in Schools: Causes, Effects and Prevention 1. Introduction School violence is one of the most serious problems nowadays because of detrimental effects on forming human-beings characteristics and future of a nation. This paper, based on secondary research, discusses violence situation in Vietnam, other parts of the world and analyzes the causes as well as gives solutions to tackle this problem. The findings of the research reveal that the happening frequency now is much higher than in the past and serious level also increase. Then, a variety of reasons are mentioned to help the readers comprehend thoroughly. Finally, some typical solutions are given and calls for support from authorities, family and students to reduce this issue gradually. Hopefully, school violence will decrease significantly in the future. Have you ever gone to school with the fear which is not the fear of not doing homework or coming late but that of being injured? You can say no but I can say yes because of the significant increase of school violence nowadays. It has no longer been a national issue but a global problem. In fact, it happened in any levels of education, from primary to university. Especially serious, the number of people killed has raised recently. The statistic given recently by Ministry of Education and Training in Vietnam showed that there were about 1600 school violence situations happened in one school year, 5 circumstances each day on average (Cam n.d.). It rang the alarming bell to government and citizens to address this problem. Therefore, this research paper, with the aim at reducing violence in schools and creating friendly and safe educational environment for students, discusses about three questions of why this issue is becoming more and more serious, what the consequences are and what shou ld be done to solve this problem. 2. Discussion of findings 2.1. Why this issue is becoming more and more serious This issue has increased rapidly in quantity, range, serious level. It happens not only in male but also in female, not only among students but also between students and teachers. Because of its seriousness, violence is school is becoming a significant issue which is mentioned fluently in websites, books, magazines, on television or even is reflected in films. For example, a Vietnamese film which is shown in Tet holiday of 2011 had the name School ghost. This film talked about problems in schools life especially school violence. So there were lots of aggressive scene, even a scene in which female students attacked and ripped other students shirts. The film warned people about the serious problems which still exist in school and called the support to solve them. First of all, we must know exactly what the causes are. Actually, school violence results from many reasons. First of all, family members are the closest relatives to a person so they have significant effects on that person. When living in a family which parents often have rows, the children will feel unpleasant, unhappy or even stressful. It will lead to negative behaviors, especially in teenager age when awareness of them have not improved completely. The younger the children are, the easier are they affected. They tend to repeat the parents behaviors and if they are bad behaviors, the effects are serious obviously. In an article Causes of school violence on an American website www.crf-usa.org , the author indicated that parents are the people who construct and form the characteristic of their children. When parents fail to improve positive behaviors, children may develop negative behaviors patterns. Neglectful or abusive family environments can limit the ability to grow of children such as communication skills, self-esteem, happiness. Secondly, schools or educational environments play a crucial part in form awareness of students. The period of time which you spend in school each day is quite long so you communicate much with your classmates and teachers. You will study and behave well if your classmates are good children. But if your classmates are naughty, you will be involved in their bad activities and become naughty, too. Another case is if your teacher does not teach well and always rail students, you will be stressful obviously and will not have interest in learning. There have been events in which teacher insulted or even fought student, they absolutely harmed both physical and mental status of students. Last but not least, cyber abuse is one of the most important thing affect childrens behaviors. Why violence school has become more popular recently? Since 1990s, Internet, blogging, email grew quickly so the children could approach violent books, videos or games easily. When accessing to the Internet, you can watch lots of violent and bad things without being controlled from family or community. It will make children have wrong behaviors or attitudes toward an issue such as using violence to solve a problem or conflict between classmates. Killing others because of small conflict on a social network, Facebook is a regrettable story between a nine-grade student and a eleven-grade student in Ha Long, Quang Ninh (Hoang 2013). It is a typical example which shows the seriousness of school violence and calls the support from community immediately. 2.2. What are the consequences Consequences which school violence causes are really frightened. It impacts on many aspects. To students themselves, both victims and people who cause will have bad consequences. Victims can be injured slightly or seriously and even lead to death. Moreover, they often have mental injury, feel bored, worried, lonely and depressed. The scare or haunt can make them feel stressful. It lasts for a long time and victims cannot concentrate on studying and do not want to take part in other activities with friends. People who cause violence must be responsible for what they have done. How they are disciplined depends on the serious level of violence they cause, be dismissed from school or even sentenced to prison. Since they are relevant to school violence, their future will not optimistic actually. Furthermore, people who see violent scene also are affected absolutely. They will feel unsafe when studying in an environment like that. If violent actions are not be punished immediately, other students can follow these negative behaviors and it makes the violent situation in schools bec ome more and more serious. To family, it also causes regrettable consequences. When school violence occurs, family members are the people who must to solve problems which it causes. Victims family will have to spend both time and money to take care of their children if they involve in violent situations. Being not cured immediately, the victims can suffer from a lot of problems. Their family will be criticized and receive bad attitudes from social community, friends, etc. The children will be criticized by their parents, too. Stress from critic chat maybe lead to rows between parents and children and ruin familys happiness. If unfortunately a student is killed, it is a pain which cannot be replaced. Try to image that the child whom you spend much labor to bring up, you care about much suddenly passed away, especially the only child in the family. So how sad you are! A lot of violent situations happen in school will create stressful learning atmosphere which does not provide appropriate conditions for students to study. Schier (2008, p.30) stated that school violence destroys the positive learning environment schools are intended to provide. In turn, this affects a students readiness and ability to learn. A lot of students decline to go to school because they are scared to be attacked, insulted. Moreover, violent behaviors of students weaken school discipline, breakdown school rules and school reputation obviously. Because our country open market with globalization trend, effects from other countries are inevitable. Good things of our culture are fading and virtue is ruined gradually. That school violence occurs not only in schools but outside as well causes disorderly issue. If we dont have immediate measures to address this problem, it will spread out rapidly and affect the nations prosperity. 2.3. How to solve this problem Students are the future of a nation so the demand of finding solutions is the priority of both school and authorities. In addition, the support from children and their family also plays a crucial role. Without them, all attempts may never successful. No single discipline alone can prevent violence. A complex problem such as violence must be prevented through a combination of approaches (Barrois 2001). A child is never born as arrogant or timid, it is the atmosphere around him which affects him much. The parents will face the bad consequences happening to their children if they do not give the necessary care and education because they are the closest people to children. On a violence website www.nssc1.org, the author said that parents should check their children as much as possible and discuss about the habits and behaviors their children should develop or adapt to. From an early age, parents should monitor and adjust appropriately if their children act wrongly. School administrations should be strict on regulating rules, students harsh punishments should be avoided especially violent behaviors and teaching solutions should be advised, the way which teachers and students communicate should be enhanced to create a comfortable in studying. Being as a friend of student is also necessary. Arguably, schools and teachers can identify unusual behavior in students. After all, teachers spen d hours each day with students, develop relationships, and can likely talk to kids about whats on their minds ( Anderson 2011). But the most important factor is students awareness themselves, they should know which behavior is good, which is bad to adjust and choose good friend to play with. 3. Conclusion The findings above reveal that school violence in Vietnam and other parts all over the world is more and more serious. It damaged much not only the educational system, cultural beauty but also the future of a country. Sadly, there are many causes of this issue and they cannot be solved soon. However, with the raising of awareness and measures from authorities, we hope that this problem will decrease significantly and students can study well in friendly educational environments.

Project Report on Bamboo

Chapter-1 PREFACE A growth oriented Entrepreneur will always be in search of opportunities, which can generate income, enhance long-term value and command recognition and respect in the society. Looking at the present upbeat atmosphere in the NE Region for development of industry, thrust by Government of India for the development of environment friendly alternate resources and last but not the least, the spectacular progress made by China in the bamboo based industry – The KOTHARI group has decided to put up a unit in Guwahati to manufacture Bamboo Flooring, Board & related products.During the exploratory phase, we reviewed reports & journals published by forest department / NGOs on Bamboo resource in NE Region, visited & discussed with the Bamboo growers, met with machinery manufacturers in India & abroad, attended seminars, studied market for flooring and its development potential, consulted technocrats from India and abroad about the possibility of making flooring in India using India Bamboo. We received encouraging response and could feel the potential. Now we are determined to put up project and this report provides details on various aspects of the same.Chapter-II PROJECT AT A GLANCE PRODUCT : Bamboo Flooring & Bamboo Panel Boards. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: Bamboo flooring/board is the newest and most revolutionary products in the flooring and interior decoration concept. The unique Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high quality of Bamboo compared to wood guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and Bamboo Board is also the most environment friendly construction material available.Although Bamboo looks and behaves like a superior hardwood, it is actual a grass. Unlike wood forests, which take decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves only take a few years to renew themselves. As consumer (especially in developed markets such as North America, Europe and Japan) become increasingly environment c onscious, this has become a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo products. Bamboo’s natural versatility is suitable to a variety of environments. The finished product is all-around coated and protected against insects and fungus.It is suitable for all residential and commercial installations- in bedrooms, living room, kitchens, offices, schools and hospitals. PRODUCT FEATURES : Bamboo Flooring & Boards are made from 100% renewable resource, which saves precious timbers. Apart from this, it has so many salient features- Incredible tensile strength.Light weight . Excellent appearance. Harder and more stable than wood. Easy to install. Creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma & Allergy patients. Excellent insulator of heat/cold. Environment friendliness Water- resistant. Numerous uses. MARKET POTENTIAL : The demand for Bamboo Flooring & Bamboo Panels are expending from South- East Asian Countries to European and American markets.The international market for bamboo flooring is esti mated at Rs. 750 cores and it is expending at a rate of 50% p. a. Current trends in the interior decoration industry are ‘back to nature’ i. e. away from synthetics and towards more natural products such as wood / bamboo. Due to health reasons, wood/ bamboo floors are taking away the market share from carpets (bamboo floors are hypo-allergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like other floor coverings. In addition, wood sources are becoming increasingly depleted and the consumer is becoming environmentally conscious, the market for bamboo products has increased exponentially- for flooring, paneling, and a variety of products limited only by the imagination such as doors, frames, table tops, gift items, photo frames etc. Market response to Bamboo flooring is more than encouraging particularly for its look, strength and high-class protective coating. With support from international agencies and technical experts we are very optimistic about ac hieving quality standards.INDIAN SCENARIO: With booming construction activities, scope for interior decoration activities has increased substantially. Of late, growth in use of marble and granite is reducing as Interior decoration industry always looks for new products. There have been imports of wooden and laminated floors but prohibitive duties and resultant landed price is restricting growth of such alternative products. In the domestic market, the size of the organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 crores for all type of flooring. As the supply creates its own demand nd if the Bamboo flooring can capture even 6-7 % of the market for flooring, it will mean a market of Rs. 100 Crores to being with and it is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per annum. Source: INBAR Report Our initial market survey has given has us all the reasons to be excited about huge potential not only for flooring but also for wall panels where there is absolutely no new product since last decade. Moreover, a product made in India will have better acceptability to larger cross section of price sensitive India consumers.PROPOSED CAPACITY : Bamboo Flooring / Panel 60000 Mtr2 / p. a. LOCATION : Export Promotion Industrial Park, Guwahati. CAPACITY UTILISATION : 1st Year 70% p. a. 2nd Year 80% p. a. 3rd year & onwards 90% p. a. COST OF PROJECT : (Estimated) (Rs. n Lakhs) (a) Land & Development 19. 68 (b) Building 51. 76 (c) Plant & Machinery 245. 52 (d) Misc. Fixed Assets 57. 10 (e) Preliminary Expense 0. 0 (f) Preoperative Expenses 49. 29 (g)Technical Know how & training 15. 91 (h) Margin for Working Capital 26. 07 (i) Contingencies 24. 81 MEANS OF FINANCE Contribution by the Promoters: Equity by promoters 97. 3 Grant from NEC 50. 00 Contribution by the Funding Agencies: (i) Technology Development Assistance from TIFAC 245. 00 (ii) Term Loan by Institution 98. 31 490. 44 Guarantee: Apart from above, Guarantee in favour of Government of India to the tune of Rs. 0 La cs for import of machines under EPCG Scheme at concessional Customs duty. Subsidies and other incentives of capital nature have not been considered while deciding means of finance. The same can be directly reimbursed of loan. PROFITABILITY The profitability projections are as follows: [III year / normal year of operation] (Rs. in Lakhs) Sales Proceeds 494. 0 Cost of Sales 338. 18 Gross Profit Before financial expenses 155. 92 Financial Expenses 34. 59 Depreciation 28. 53 Operating Profit 92. 0 Profit After Tax 91. 18 Note: Incentives such as transport subsidy etc. have not been considered in the cost of production. The same can be directly reimbursed (as and when due) to the lending institutions as per-payment of loans. This will improve working of the company substantially. Chapter –III INTRODUCTION Flooring plays a vital role in the total appearance of any house /shop / building, whereas, very little emphasis was given in improvement and innovation of flooring materi al in India.Since last few years the awareness about the importance of flooring has increased amongst Indian consumers and now there is a visible shift from conventional cemented or mosaic flooring to Granite, Marble, Italian Marble, and Glazed Ceramic Tiles etc. for many advantages over traditional flooring. Of late, due to ease in import, demand for wooden flooring and laminated flooring is also increasing. Since most of these products are imported hence higher cost and we are sure environmental awareness will always keep Bamboo flooring ahead of wooden flooring.There is huge market potential of Bamboo Flooring and Boards in India as well as abroad. As per the ‘Country Report India’ prepared by International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added industry, size of the domestic organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 Crore for all types of premium flooring. Architects are of the opinion that since supply creates its own demand, it would be possible for Bamboo Flooring to capture 6-7 % of the market. This will result in a domestic market size of Rs. 100 Crore to begin with.Growth of the industry is estimated at 15% in the Indian market. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT AND USES World over Wooden Flooring is considered to be more up market compared to cement, marble, tiles etc. It enhances the warmth of any house and complements the decor of room. However with scarce timber resources and increasing environmental awareness people are shifting towards Bamboo Flooring, which is equally attractive and technically better than Wooden Flooring. The natural grains of Bamboo show up clearly and look very attractive. It looks very unique, elegant, and serene.The flooring is resistant to moisture, pressure, and scratch. It is flexible and lasts longer than wood. It also acts as sound and heat insulator. Bamboo flooring/board is the newest and most revolutionary product in the flooring and interior decoration industries. The uni que Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high quality of Bamboo compared to wood guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and bamboo board is also the most environmental friendly construction material available.Although Bamboo looks and behaves like a superior hardwood, Bamboo is actual grass-unlike wood forest, which take decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves only take a few years to renew themselves. As consumers (especially in developed markets such as North America, Europe and Japan) have become increasingly environmentally conscious, this has become a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo. Bamboo’s natural versatility is suitable to a variety of environments. The finished product is all-around coated and protected against damp, insects, and fungus.It is suitable for all residential and commercial installations – in bedrooms, living rooms, offices, showrooms, hotels, restaurants, banquet halls, discotheques etc. Standard Bamboo flooring is manufactured as an all around tongue and groove board; a variety of sizes can be produced, the most popular being 900 mm X 90mm X 15mm, 600mm X 90mm X 15mm. Among the many possible lamination, the most common are protected with 3-layers of UV coating. COMPETING PRODUCTS Marble Granite Wooden Flooring Carpet PVC Flooring Ceramic Tiles Laminated Flooring ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO FLOORING ) Bamboo is harder than various species of wood. It is 25% harder than oak, 23% harder than Rock Maple. So it is more stable. Tensile strength of Bamboo is 28000 psi, which is even more than steel. ii) Bamboo floors are hypoallergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like other floor coverings. It creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma & Allergy patients. iii) It is an excellent insulator. So in cold climate it helps by keeping the room temperature warm, and in air-conditioned atmosphere, it helps in power saving by maintaining room temperature. v) Bamboo flooring is U. V. Coated, which is very hard, scratch resistant, moisture resistant. v) It is easy to maintain. It can be easily cleaned with vacuum cleaner. vi) It has got excellent appearance. vii) It is lightweight and easy to install. viii) Bamboo flooring are impregnated with chemicals which makes it termite proof. ix) It is made from 100% renewable resource, which saves precious timber. So it is environment friendly too. THE LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES The proposed unit is to be set up in the Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon ,Guwahati.We have considered different factors while selecting the site and found that there are various advantages of putting up the unit in Guwahati. Some of them are as under- a) Availability of raw as material: Due to high volume and low weight, any Bamboo related production has to be near the source. Major raw material, Bamboo is abundantly available in and around Guwahati. Bamboo can be procured from farmers in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Agartalla and North Bengal. b) Availability of Skilled Manpower: The local people of Assam have gained natural skill of Bamboo craft.They understand bamboo vary well. For these reasons, it will be much easier to train a local person. c) Availability of Land: This unit requires a converted shed of 8000 sq. ft. and additional space for storage utility and for future expansion. AIDC has confirmed availability of required land at EPIP, Amingaon. d) Availability of Utilities: Power: Uninterrupted power supply is available to all the units set up in EPIP. This will be an advantageous situation. Water: Water is also easily available. Steam:Steam will be required for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring, which is planned to be produced by putting up a coal-fired boiler. Good quality coal is available from Meghalaya at a very economical price. e) Availability of Transport: EPIP, Amingaon is located adjacent to Guwahati dry port. All the dispatches to overseas market can be booked from there itself. Moreover, Guwahati is well connected by rain and road links with other parts of the country hence; transportation of finished product & raw material will have no difficulty at all. f) Subsidies & Incentives:Government of India & Governments of Assam is giving various incentives and concessions for the new unit put up in Assam such as Sales Tax exemption. Excise exemption, Income tax exemption, and various other subsidies. g) Infrastructure facility: Guwahati, the proposed location of the unit, is the capital city of Assam which has got all the required amenities such as schools, hotels, hospitals, colleges and other entertainment facilities. Chapter –IV RAW MATERIAL BAMBOO AN INTRODUCTION As the name suggest, the Bamboo Flooring are manufactured using Bamboo. Bamboo is an immensely useful and highly renewable natural resource.It has been used by people – most notable in Asia – since time immemorial, and its remarkable versatility as raw material is attested to in our day by a list of products which is as long as that of the 1,573 known bamboo species. From food, folder, fencing and fuel to flooring and furniture to flutes, fishing rods and even false teeth, bamboo products are used by an estimated 2. 5 billion people, or almost half of the world’s population. Although we in India are using Bamboo in various application but not much has been done for technical improvement of the manufacturing process of various products made by Bamboo.Comparatively a lot of research has been done in China to make better products. Value addition to Bamboo has been negligible in India. Bamboo, the world’s most useful plant, is a very large grass rather than a tree, yet has a timber-like quality when used as a construction material. It is the fastest growing plant in the world and certain species can reach heights of over 100 feet at rates of up to 5 centimeters per hour. It is harvested for commercial usage after three to five year s.This botanical cousin to rich and corn has over 1,000 species of varying sized and characteristics makes it amazingly versatile it may be used for building whole houses, furniture, cases, baskets, screens, farm tools, fishing rods, windmill blades, boat building, record needles, paper, kites, blowguns, polish, diesel fuel, scales, food, medicine, chopsticks, incense sticks, musical instruments, blinds, concrete reinforcement, plastic reinforcement, scaffolding, cables, both substitutes, piping, bike frames, various other structures and a host of other durable, useful, crafted items. Bamboo is also used for brewing beer.An Edison light bulb in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D. C. has a bamboo filament, which is still capable of burning after more than a century. The bamboo cable-supported Min Bridge in Szechwan is over 1,000 years old. BAMBOO AND ITS USES China: In a remarkably short span of time, the bamboo sector in China has transformed technologically and structurally . The last decade has seen China emerge as a pioneer in bamboo utilization and a market leader offering a variety of new products and processing techniques. The latest development in China has been the usage of bamboo as a viable replacement for wood.Bamboo mat boards have been acknowledged as an excellent substitute for plywood. Rapid growth of the bamboo plywood industry has instilled a new vibrancy in the sector. Bamboo has also been used to substitute plastics, steel and cement in new application in construction of houses, and manufacturing of furniture and agricultural tools and implements with application of sophisticated design, knowledge and use of improved composite technologies. Bamboo has an important industrial role in paper & pulp manufacturing in China. With a large and expending market, China is the world leader in bamboo shoot production and consumption.Growth of significant scale in China bamboo sector has been possible through coordinated research and its applicati on, incentive regimes, provisioning of support services, changes in agro forestry practices, and the fostering of close linkages with markets. Other Southeast Asian Countries: In other Southeast countries, however, apart from Thailand, which now boasts of bamboo shoot export equivalent to that of China, there has been little or on progress. It is still only the rural poor who continue to be principal users of bamboo. In Bangladesh, 80-90 % of rural houses are constructed from bamboo, as are many rural dwellings in India.Philippines, Nepal and Thailand. South America: In South America, bamboo utilization is small compared to Asia, except in localized areas. A large bamboo specie – Guadua anaustifolia, has been used for a housing programme in Costa Rica through a large-scale internationally funded bamboo project. All Central American countries have shown interest in this project. South Africa: Bamboo is valued in Kenya for soil stabilization. It is used to some extent in constr uction and fuel. India: In India, the principal usage of bamboo is in the paper industry, as scaffolding in construction material or in the handicrafts sector.Among other uses, bamboo splits or wholes are used as a fencing material and for making various types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers are used to make a wide range of products such as baskets, the core of incense-sticks, kites and toys, flutes and a large number of handicraft items. They are used to make cages for poultry, drying, packaging, and transport of grains. Bamboo slivers are woven into mats and used to manufacture mat boards. However there is very limited value addition that takes place on these products.Also, since there is no automation in the manufacturing process, the manually made products are often of non-standard sizes. The majority of these products are consumed and sold at the local market-level on ly. The bulk utilization of bamboo in industry is in the manufacture of paper & pulp. The 13. 47 million tones of bamboo harvested annual gets utilized industrially in paper mills, as scaffolding in fencing, for internal consumption in bamboo-growing householders, handicrafts and miscellaneous items like incense-sticks, ladders, ice-cream sticks, agricultural implements etc.Again, no reliable estimates of quantities are available for any of these items. The estimate of consumption in each of the above categories is based on primary information and on an analysis of the industry size and growth rates. Paper: The total production of paper in India is 205 million tones. Paper industry experts have indicates that 25% of the raw material requirement of the industry is currently met through bamboo. Hence, the quantity of wet bamboo required for this is 2. 5 million tones (4 kg of wet bamboo is needed to produce 1 kg of paper. )Internal Consumption: According to the survey among grower hou seholds in the NER, internal consumption for fencing, baskets, temporary structure, fishing rod etc. is 10% of the harvest. Of 13. 47 million tones, this translates to 1. 35 million tones approximately. Scaffolding: The value of scaffolding is 0. 1% to 0. 5% of the total value of the construction industry. The total value of the construction industry in India comprising the residential, commercial, industry and infrastructure segments is currently estimated as Rs. 292,000 crore. Assuming 0. 25% value of bamboo scaffolding in the residential and commercial segments and 0. % in industrial and infrastructure construction, the total value of bamboo used for scaffolding is Rs. 340 crore (for 3. 4 million tones-price of one tone of bamboo is Rs. 1000) Handicrafts: About 5. 9 million tones of bamboo is utilized in commercial consumption in the paper industry and for scaffolding purpose. Taking a ratio of 3. 2 for commercial to internal consumption and making of handicraft, etc. the figure arrived at is 3. 9 million tones. Of this, 1. 35 million tones are used for internal consumption, leaving a balance of 2. 55 million tones, which is used for handicraft.These include baskets for decorative as well as packaging purpose (for carrying fruits, vegetables and livestock, etc. ), sericulture trays, mats, wall coverings, and furniture items such as stool, chairs, tables etc. Miscellaneous: Bamboo is also used for incense-sticks, ice-cream sticks, toothpicks, chopsticks, agricultural props in field, implements and tools, ladders, lathis, walking-sticks, fishing rods, boat masts, bows and arrows, flag poles, paddles, kites, fire crackers, etc. Agrabatti (Incense-stick): About 1,000,000 million incense-sticks are produced annually.Since 1000 sticks weight 1 Kg, the weight of 1,000,000, million sticks is 1 million tones. The weight of bamboo in 1 million tones of incense-sticks amounts to 0. 33 million tones. To produce 1 Kg of bamboo sticks, for incense-sticks, 2 Kg of bamboo is needed. Thus 0. 67 million tones of bamboo is consumed by the incense-sticks industry. Ladder: The construction industry is currently valued at Rs. 292,000 crore, if 0. 02% is attributed to ladders used for construction the value of the ladder industry is in the reign of Rs. 58 crore which is equivalent to 0. 29 million tones of bamboo.As per Hindu custom, biers are used to carry the dead to the cremation ground. The death rate is currently 7. 8% which amounts to 7. 8 crore deaths per year. If bamboo biers are used in 5% of the cases, there would be a requirement of 400,000 bamboo annually, which is equivalent to 0. 08 million tones of bamboo (assuming 20 Kg bamboo per bier). The total bamboo consumed in ladder production is 0. 37 million tones. Other Application: Ice-cream sticks, chopsticks, toothpicks, agriculture props, implement and tool handles, walking sticks and lathis, boat masts and paddles as well as fishing rods, etc. onsume at least another 0. 93 million tones of bam boo annually. The total consumption of bamboo for miscellaneous purposes thus amounts to 1. 97 million tones. Illegal Exports: Of the total harvested quantity of 13. 47 million tones, 11. 77 million tones are used as described in the foregoing. The balance 1. 7 million tones could be attributed to the illegal trade between the NER and neighboring countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar). BAMBOO STOCK POSITION [1995 TO 2001] Experts suggest that 150 million tones of bamboo was available in the year 1995.There are limits to the regeneration of bamboo since it can be regenerated only to the extent of the harvesting that takes place. The growing stock of bamboo is 150 million tones, of which 2. 35 million tones harvested from private forest can be assumed to depleted every year from forest. The current net availability of bamboo is 133 million on as â€Å"as-is basis†. However, all of this is not in usable from. There are certain factors that have to be used to discount the quan tity of available bamboo. CHARACTERISTIC OF BAMBOO CULMSThickness of the culms: The culm of the bamboo is hollow in most cases and its wall thickness varies across species. Different species of bamboo have different wall thickness. A few species of bamboo, however, are solid. The general properties of the bamboo culm vary according to its anatomical, chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics Bamboo is particularly strong at the node where there is an inner disc called septum, which connects the outside walls, strengthening the stalk and separating it into compartments. Bamboo is widest at ground level, but is quite consistent in diameter throughout its length.Anatomical structure of the culms: The bamboo culm consists of two epidermal layers, the inner one is thicker and highly lignified while the outer one is covered by a cutinised layer with a wax coating. The outside portion of the culm wall is dense, containing about 5 percent silica. It has an exterior waterproof film o n the softer interior portion as well. The cells in the culm are axially oriented in the inter-nodal region and provide transverse interconnections in the nodal region. There are no radial cell elements and therefore, lateral movements of nutrients or liquids is greatly hindered.The internodes of almost all bamboo species have a culm wall of varying thickness surrounding a large cavity called a lacuna. The density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800 Kg/m3, depending on the moisture content. It increases progressively from the central to the peripheral parts of the culms. Chemical characteristics of the culms: The culm are consists of about 50% parenchyma, 40% fibar and 10% conducting tissues with some variation depending upon species. The major chemical constituents of a bamboo culm are cellulose; hemi cellulose and lignin while minor constituents are resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts.The chemical composition various with species, condition of growth, age, season, and part of the culm. The nodes contain less water-soluble extractives, pentosans and lignin but more cellulose than internodes. The silica content is high in the epidermis, very little in the nodes and none in the internodes. The nodal portion of a clum has tower hemi hemi cellulose content, but a higher content of extractives, pentosans, lignin and ash than the inter nodal portion. As a result the node is not elastic enough for splitting or for making strips and matting.Bamboo culms for weaving are therefore chosen from species that are easy to split and are not old enough to be brittle (preferably below two years). Physical characteristics of the culm: One aspect of the structure of bamboo is noteworthy: unlink wood it does it does not have any â€Å"rays† (the dark spots on the surface). Rays transport and store food, mostly sugar, but they weaken the material. Consequently, bamboo is stronger than wood, especially in shear. The wall thickness and length of the bamboo makes it natura lly durable. The basal portion is therefore more durable than the top.Bamboo possesses very high moisture content, which various with age and the season of felling. The moisture content also various from bottom to top and from the innermost layers to the periphery, and decreases with age. The shrinkage is related to wall thickness and culm diameter. Mechanical characteristics of culms: Bamboo is known for its high tensile strength. To reach its optimum strength there is an age of maturity for each species. In air-dry bamboos depending on the species, the moisture content various from 7 to 18%, specific gravity from 0. 428 to 0. 17, fiber stress at elastic limit from 16 to 120 N/mm2 modules of rapture from 33 to 160 N/mm2, modules of elasticity from 3 to 22kN/mm2 and compression strength parallel to grain from 26-78N/mm2. The Physiological Structure of Bamboo: The vegetative parts of a bamboo plant consist of roots, rhizome, culm, culm-sheaths, branches, and leaves. Roots: The profus e, fibrous roots from a dense network in the soil. Rhizome: The basal portion of the culm, which grows horizontally under the soil surface with short internodes, is called the rhizome. In its natural habitat, the bamboo plant grows from seeds or rhizomes.Unlink trees bamboo does not have a central trunk; the rhizomes provides the foundation. The extensive rhizome system stores the nutrients required for the plant’s rapid growth. The rhizome branches out from the root facilitate the vegetative propagation. This reproductive characteristic makes bamboo an â€Å"active spreading plant† which â€Å"unless inhibited will extend growth over a large area†. There are two types of rhizome system namely Sympodial and Monopodial. In the sympodial system, the apex of the rhizome gives rise to a shoot that grows into a culm, the woody stem of bamboo. These culms grow together as clump.In the monopodial system, the lateral bud from each internode develops into a clum or a rhi zome. As the apex of the rhizome grows horizontal to the ground at a distance from one another. Culm: A shoot of bamboo is usually hollow except at the nodes, which are often swollen. A young shoot is protected by a number of sheaths, which fall off as the shoot grows into a mature culm. In the hollow inner area, there are some horizontal partitions called diaphragms. On the outside these partitions have a ring around the culm. The diaphragm and the ring outside together from a node. Branches grow from these nodes.The part between two nodes is called an inter-node. The internodes of most bamboos are hollow, that is, they have a cavity. The wall of the culm is simply the clum wall. Chapter V MARKET POTENTIAL The Bamboo Flooring is becoming popular because of its better look and superior quality over other flooring materials. THE INDIAN SCENARIO The materials commonly used for flooring in India are Granite, Marble, Mosaic, Cemented floor etc. Since last few years, wooden flooring has also becoming popular in India. These different types of flooring are available in wide range of prices starting from Rs. 0 per sq. ft to Rs. 700 per sq. ft. The use of wooden is increasing particularly for application in offices & showrooms, banquet halls, discotheques, hotels, restaurants, conference rooms etc. There is a myth among the consumers that it is not suitable for Indian climate whereas wooden flooring is considered to be very convenient and it also helps in power saving particularly in the air-conditioned atmosphere. The consumers are required to be educated about the advantages of these flooring. Bamboo flooring has not yet been introduced in the Indian market.But considering its advantages over Wooden as well as bring shift from some of premium flooring presently available in the market. Bamboo flooring which is less expensive than other premium flooring is scratch & moisture resistant because of high quality U V Coating, there should be good demand for the product in India. As per the Country Report: India published by International Network for Bamboo And Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added Industry, the total market for Bamboo flooring in India has been estimated at Rs. 200 Crores which is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per year.THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO There is an export potential, which can be realized for bamboo-based flooring. There is Rs. 750 Crores market for Bamboo flooring which is growing at a rate of 50% per annum. Indian companies can trap this growing demand. China is a major player in the filed of Bamboo flooring. They have been constantly researching on the manufacturing technique of Bamboo flooring & related products and hence they have an edge. However, for India companies, it will not be a problem to compete technically with China considering developed wood working industry in India.Moreover the species of Bamboo available in India are also considered better for manufacturing of Bamboo flooring because these are h arder than the species available in China. Chapter VI TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL KNOWHOW Although not much been done in India respect to technicalities of Bamboo Flooring manufacturing. We feel Indian machinery manufacturers will have no difficulties in providing most of the machines by modifying there existing machines as per process requirement. Moreover, well-developed wood working machinery industry in India will be an additional advantages.All the basic machines required for this project are either readily available in India or needs little modification to make them suitable for this specific application only very few finishing machines are proposed to be imported from Taiwan/Europe. In 2001, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established Cane & Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC) in Guwahati which helps in implementation of Bamboo & Cane related project, delivers technical assistance and arrange for training of man power required for this project.The U nited Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assisted â€Å"Cane and Bamboo Technical Up gradation and Networking Project†, covering the seven North Eastern States of India. The Cane and Bamboo Technology â€Å"Project† is a sub-programme of the large Technology Management Programme (TMP). The Development of Science and Technology, Government of India is the Executing Agency for the TMP. While the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is the assigned Implementation Agency. The CBTC acts as the secretariat and coordination body of the Network and is the conduit for the network’s linkages.OBJECTIVES: The Cane and Bamboo Technological Up technologies and Networking Projects envisages the following as its major areas of interest: Identification, adaptation and dissemination of technologies for economic enhancement of craftspeople small entrepreneurs in the Cane and Bamboo Sector of North East India. Strengthening existing institutions by enhancing their networking capacities and linking them with specialized institution in India and abroad through the Cane and Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC).Enhancing access of craftspeople and small entrepreneurs to improved technology and knowledge thereby promoting employment opportunities and income generation ROLE OF THE CBTS: The CBTS is expected to play multiple roles, which constitute: Acting as a repository of information and technologies Playing out the role of a coordinator of sub-programme activities Being a vehicle for the sharing of information amongst resource and support institution, entrepreneurs, craftsmen and villagers. Acting as a platform for networking amongst constituent elements of the sectorPerforming as a catalyst to enhance the scale and depth of economic activity in the sector FOCUS AREAS: Generally speaking, the primary and secondary areas of focus are firstly, on promoting poverty eradication and sustainable livelihoods, and secondly on generation of sustainable livelihood and employment opportunities. The main focus areas are: The need to evolve and promote a better understanding of the sector Set agenda for coordinated R & D activities, strengthen institutions and agencies and create coordination mechanisms for the sectorReview the regulatory and access regime-in forest areas, for agro-forestry and at the household/homestead level Disseminate technologies and knowledge Provides support services for the sector MANUFACTURING PROCESS The process for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring can be divided into three parts: 1. Making of Bamboo Strips: a) Straight, 4-5 years matured Bamboo is cross cut into the required length. b) Out-side knots are removed. c) Bamboo is put through a splitting machine to split the strips of required width. d) Inside knots and outside skin is removed. ) Strips are boiled and treated in a mixture of water, hydrogen peroxide and boric acid to remove sugar, starch, mildew, and pests. f) Strips are put in Impregnation pla nt where chemicals are injected under high pressure to protect the same from insect/pest attack for lifelong. g) After open drying, the strips the same are further dried in a Kiln to bring down the moisture level to 8-10%. h) For giving darker brownish shade to final products, strips can be given Carbon treatment by putting the same under high heat/pressure causing coloration impregnated throughout the sticks. ) Each strip is then passed through Four-side planning machine to get accurate rectangular shape. 2. Making of Bamboo Board: After thorough sorting, i) Strips are cut into the required length in the sizing machine. i)Glue is applied in the Gluing machine. i) Glued strips are assembled together into rough board. i) These rough boards are given required pressure in Hot Press (specially designed for this process). i) Boards are put into a Chilling Press for something till the temperature comes down to normal. i) One surface of duly pressed boards is finished on Planing machine. . Making of Bamboo Parquets: a) The specific size of Bamboo boards is passed through a rip saw to make one side plain. b) The side tongue & groove is milled into the board. c) The board is passed through a cutting and shaping machine where the end tongue & groove is milled. d) The parquet is passed through a wide belt sander for the top sanding. e) UV Basecoat is sprayed on the bottom and side of the parquets to make it moisture resistant and then again through a roller coater for top coating of UV Basecoat. f) Painted parquet is passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening of the chemical (coat). ) It is again passed through a wide belt sander for smoother sanding. h) The above process (e, f & g) is repeated again for better finishing. i) U. V. finishing coat is applied on the Parquets through Roller Coating machine. j) Parquets are passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening. k) Each and every parquet is thoroughly inspected and the same is packed in the corrugated boxes . Process flow has been shown in the next Sheet. EFFLUENT TREATMENT There will not be any Water/Air/Sound pollution. It has been proposed to install. Dust collectors for the collection of Dust generated in the process.The Bamboo dust can later be used for manufacturing of Particle Board. Similarly Dust collector & Chimney will be installed with the coal boiler. AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL The major raw material required for this project is Bamboo, which is abundantly available of bamboo in India, particularly in North East Region. India has the second largest reserve of bamboo in the world out of which NE Region accounts for 54% In NE Region, apart from the Bamboo available in the forest, there is a tradition to grow bamboo in the homestead, garden, field barriers etc.AVAILABILITY OF MACHINERY Different machines required for the primary processing of bamboo are available in India. Other machine such as Strip Sizing Machine, Gluing Machine, Bamboo Board Joining Machine. One Side Pla ner, Rip-Saw etc. are available in India particularly for wood working however, the same can easily be modified to make them suitable for this specific application. Some important finishing machines such as Five Side Grinding Machine, Double end Cutting Machine, Wide Belt Sanders, U V Coating Machine etc. Are being proposed to be imported.Wherever possible, we have opted for the Indian machines so that after-sales services and spares can be made easily available as and when needed and it will also reduce the cost of the project and thereby reduces the financial burden. We are ensuring better machines without compromising the quality. Selection of the plant and machinery has been done considering different stages of manufacturing process and balancing the capacity. PROPOSED PLANT CAPACITY The manufacturing capacity of the proposed plant will be 60000 meter2 per annum. This is the minimum viable capacity. The same can be increased in shorter duration.It is unlikely for a new unit to a chieve maximum capacity utilization in the initial years of operation owing to various factors like stability in process coordination, training of working, supply of required quality of raw material and consumables etc. therefore, all the calculation have been made of 70%, 80%, 90% capacity utilization in 1st, 2nd, & 3rd year onward respectively. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS The Bamboo flooring are available in different styles, colours, finished and sizes, which are as under- A) styles: I Horizontal: Bamboo strips are joined horizontally. II. Vertical:Bamboo strips are joined vertically. B) Colours: Coffee 7 Natural There can be different shades from normal to dark brown. C) Finish: Matte & Glossy. Other finish such as semi-gloss, 65:35 Matte & Gloss etc. can also be made as per the market demands. D) Sizes: 900 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm. 600 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm 900 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm 600 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm These are the sizes commonly sold in the market but Parquets can be manufactured in diffe rent sizes and thickness. MAN POWER REQUIREMENT Total requirement of manpower can be broadly divided into two categories: 1. Technical Personnel:The technical personnel include engaged in production, maintenance, running of utilities and services facilities etc. These can further be categorized as: a) Factory Staffs b) Workers Chapter VII ECONOMIC VIABILITY h) Land & development: The plant is proposed be put up in Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon, guwahati, developed by AIDC. We have already approached AIDC for availability of land and they have assured us land as per our requirement on long-term lease (60 years). Various other expenses on site development such as land leveling, boundary wall, internal roads, etc. ave been considered while calculating the total cost of land and site development. The details of which are shown in the table below- h) Building: A covered shed of 8000 sq, ft. will be required for smooth operation of the plant. Apart from this, a semi pu cca shed will be required for preliminary Bamboo processing and space will be required for administration, storage, utilities etc. We have planned the layout for the building considering different areas of operation, safety regulation, provision for ventilation, free movements of men and material etc.The building construction cost has been estimated based on the offers received from local builders. The total cost of building is estimated at Rs. 51. 76 Lacs as explained in the Table below- c) Plant & Machinery: The selection of Plant & Machinery has been done based on the offers received from various machinery suppliers, their technical competitiveness, price, after-sale service simplicity of operation, efficiency of the machine, guarantee etc. The total cost of Imported & Indigenous Plant & machinery are shown in the Tables on the next sheet. d) Miscellaneous Fixed Assets:Apart from the main plant & machinery, various other equipment will be required such as Boiler, D. G. Set, Compr essor, material handling equipments, fire fighting equipments, furniture & fixtures, office equipments etc. We have worked out the requirements of such equipments, the details of which are as under: e) Preliminary & pre-operative expenses: This includes the expenses for company formation, interest during construction period, initial expenses on traveling, communication and other basic expenses during the pre-operation period. Total preliminary expenses are Rs. . 30 Lacs and preoperative expenses has been estimated at Rs. 49. 29 Lacs. f) Contingencies: Provision has been made towards contingencies in the total cost of project. The details of which is as under: g) Technical Know-how & Training: The total cost for Technical Know-how, Training of technical personnel & consultants’ fee has been estimated at Rs. 15. 91 Lacs. The detailed calculation has been shown in the next table. h) Margin money for working capital: The total requirement of working of capital is estimated at Rs. 6. 07 Lacs. The detailed calculation of requirement of Working capital has been shown in the next table. SOURSES OF FUNDS The total long-term fund requirement of the proposed unit is estimated to be Rs. 490. 44 Lacs, which is proposed to be financed as under: Subsidies & other incentives of capital nature have not been considered while deciding means of finance. The same can be directly reimbursed to the finding institutions towards repayment of loan. We seek equity participation from institutions for reducing interest outgo at least for a period of 3-5 years.The same can be brought back by the promoters at mutually agreed terms. TOTAL COST OF MANUFACTURING: It has been calculated by calculating cost of raw material, salary & wages, power & fuel, consumables, repair & maintenance, factory overheads etc. These calculations are based on certain assumption during the 1st, 2nd, & 3rd years & onwards of operation has been assumed to be 70%, 80%, & 90% respectively of the installed capac ity. The installed capacity of the proposed unit is estimated at 60000 meter2. the cost of various items has been calculated as per the prevailing rates in the market.Incentives such as transport subsidy, D. G. Set subsidy etc. have not been considered. The same can be directly reimbursed, as and when received, to the lending institutions as prepayment of loan. This will improve the working of the cost of manufacturing estimated for the next 10 years. RAW MATERIAL: Bamboo is the main raw material for making Flooring. We have worked out requirement of Bamboo after considering wastage. Farmer have to be educated to harvest our required quality of Bamboo which may take some time.It is therefore estimated that in the 1st year of operation we shall have higher wastage. Such wastage will gradually reduce. We shall have incentive scheme to encourage farmers for regular flow of homogeneous quality of Bamboo. This will lead to lower wastage, reduced cost of production and smooth operation on the machine. We assume after 3rd year we shall get advantage of regulated supply of Bamboo clums. CONSUMEABLE AND STORES: This includes Glue, U V coating material, various chemicals for pre processing of bamboo, packing material, stores & spares etc.Requirement of the same at 100% capacity utilization has been shown below: POWER: The total annual requirement of the proposed unit works out to 791900 KVA at installed capacity. Calculation of requirements of power and cost has been shown as under: FULE: The total annual requirement of Coal for running the boiler has been worked out at 1408 MT per annum at installed capacity. Calculation of requirements of Coal and cost has been shown as under: SALARY & WAGES: The requirements of Skilled, Semi skilled and unskilled labour has been orked out as per the production process and machine hours. The requirement of Technical & Supervisory personnel & their total Salary & Wages has been calculated in the Table on the next sheet. We have also es timated an annual increases of 5% in the Salary & Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits @ 25% of Salary & Wages. REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE: The repair and maintenance of the capital assets has been taken at 1%, 2%, & 3% of the total cost of fixed assets in the 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year & onwards respectively.FACTORY OVERHEADS: Overheads such as Rent and Taxes, Insurance, miscellaneous expenses have been considered on best judgment basis to make adequate provision in the total cost of production. These have been estimated at Rs. 13. 74 Lacs in the first year of operation. We have also made a provision of increase in this cost @ 10% per annum. ESTIMATE OF COST OF SALES, AND PROFITABILITY The estimate of cost of sales, realization & profitability for the next 10 years of operation has been shown as under: ADMINISTRSTIVE & SALES SALARY:The requirements of Administrative & Sales personnel & total Salary & Wages has been calculated as under: We have also estimated an annua l increase of 5% in the Salary & Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits @ 25% of Salary & Wages. ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEADS: Adequate provision has been made for administrative overheads and estimated at Rs. 12. 83 in the subsequent years. SELLING OVERHEADS: Being a consumer product planned sales promotion and regular advertising will be essential apart from organizing sales meet and participation in fairs.Total sales expenses have been estimated at Rs. 33. 68 Lacs in the first year of operation. This includes 7% of sales realization of finished goods towards advertisement & publicity and balance towards miscellaneous sales expenses. A provision of an annual increase of expenses at 10% has been made in the subsequent years. PRODUCTION SALES REALISATION: Calculations of the sales realization are based on the prevailing selling price of the product in the international market. The details of sales realization at 100% capacity utilization are as under: INTEREST:Interest on term loans for capital investment and bank borrowing for working capital has been worked out as under: Working capital from Bank – 15. 00% Term loan from Financial Institution – 15. 00% Technology Development Assistance from TIFCA – 4% The details of repayment of term loan and interest thereon have been shown in the next two tables. FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS Various financial projections calculated for the proposed unit which confirm the economic viability of the project, are: . CASH FLOW STATEMENT: The cash estimates for 10 years are given in the table below- 2. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS The details working on break-even point has been shown in the table below: We have taken the figures of 3rd year of operation i. e. optimum year for the purpose of calculating break-even point. 3. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION: Total Works Cost of Sales, Contributing & Net Contribution of each square meter/Square feet has been shown in the table below: 4. BALANCE SHEET: Project Balance Sheet for n ext 10 years of operation is as under: SWOT ANALYSISStrengths: Vast Bamboo source for commercial exploitation at competitive price. Local people with skill to make Bamboo handicraft will be suitable for this project. Same set of machines can produce other related products such as ceiling boards, door panels, wooden flooring etc. Weakness: There is no defined goal or policy for encouraging planned bamboo cultivation. Wastage will be higher in the initial phase. Farmers have to be educated for maintaining quality requirements. Opportunities: The usage of wood is on an increases but wood resources are declining in India.Moreover the Supreme Court has banned felling of timber in North East region resulting in closure of plywood units. Wood import can be reduced if Bamboo-based products. Threats: Bamboo Flooring industry is well established in China. Their product is already acceptable in the international market. We will have to compete with them in future. There can be shortage of part icular of Bamboo after flooring, which is likely to take place between 2003-2007. Poor infrastructure in the North East. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity Analysis gives an indication of how sensitive the project is to changes in certain assumptions.This analysis has been carried out to see how the profitability would change if there is certain change in the factor concerned. This sensitivity shows the effect of increases and reductions in raw material price, capacity utilization, selling price, publicity expenses and the profitability shows the impact of that particular factor. PEST ANALYSIS The following analysis gives an overview of the environment in which the Bamboo flooring industry will have to operate. We have analyzed the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological environment for the industry.POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT I Finished Product Even if Bamboo flooring is imported at ‘0’ duty from China, the landed cost is quite high compared to our proposed selli ng price. The local selling price in Nepal market is also quite high due to higher Bamboo procurement price to them. Hence we do not see any threat from imported Bamboo Flooring. We may however have to compete with the other Bamboo Flooring manufacturers in the country but that would also add to overall market growth and awareness of the product. II Import Duties on ConsumablesImport duty on consumables is also very high. The only consumable, which is required to be imported at the initial stage, is U V coating. Cost of U V Coating to the total cost of production is 3. 50% only (including duty), hence it will not significantly affect the profitability. III Other Levies Since this unit is being put up in Assam, products will be exempted from Sales tax & excise duty. Thus it will be at an advantageous position as compared to any other unit, which may come up in other parts of the country. IV Ban on falling of Trees Supreme Court of India banned felling of trees in NE Region.This will make wooden flooring a costly substitute. In the recent years, Government of India is giving all thrust for adding value and creating awareness about uses of Bamboo. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT I Disposable Income of the Population With the sustained growth in the GDP of approximately 5-6% in the last few years there has been a high rate of growth in the disposable income of the Indian households. The NCAER data reveals that the middle (annual household income between Rs. 62,000 and 86,000) and the high (annual household income higher than Rs. 6,000) income segments have growth at a compounded average growth rate of 13% and 17% respectively between 1989-90 and 1993-94. This increases demand for the luxury products. II Availability of Easy Housing Finance Housing finance has picked up substantially in India as the rate of interest for housing loan has been reduced substantial. It has gone down to as low as 10%. Moreover there are other income tax advantages too for the investment made in ho using. Hence the construction industry is bamboo. This will in turn boost demand for various products that obviously includes flooring material.As is evident from above Tables, India has about 157. 2 million households of which about 52 percent fall in the low income (upto Rs. 20. 000) category; a further 20 percent mane purchasing power of about Rs. 9,000 p. a. constitute another 12% of total. Conclusions drawn from the NCAER data is of great significance from the point of view of the purchasing power of the consumer. When compared with the data from the previous estimates it appears that the upper middle and high-income segment of the population has been growing faster. Since a major chunk of demand for this sector is expected to get larger in the near future.Within the upper middle and high-income segment, the rural households are growing at a far more impressive rate than their urban counterparts. Roughly about 137 million people belong to upper middle and high-income categories i. e. income of Rs. 34,500 p. a. This is a fairly large size indicating that the marketing of ‘niche’ products can be the promising area. II Lifestyle Changes With more and more workingwomen in the Indian families, there participation in decision making at home is increasing. Women are always expected to be connoisseur of rich test & beauty.Bamboo flooring being user friendly, easy to clean & maintain shall get attention of women and help shift from other flooring materials. The Indian families are on the lookout for alternate ways to do household chores. Also declining supply of household workers has led to demand for products, which required less maintenance. Bamboo flooring does not required mopping, cleaning etc. It can be easily cleaned with Vacuum Cleaner. This will have an impact on the mental makeup of women in particular & in the urbanized in general. III Health Consciousness Pollution is one of the main reasons for Asthma and Allergy.People with these disease s have started avoiding woolen / synthetic carpets because these diseases these carpets become the storehouse of dust mites, which aggravates their problem. Part of the market for carpet will definitely shift towards Bamboo flooring. TECHNOLOGICAL I Life Cycle Every product has lifecycle. With technological department everyday new products are introduced in the market, but customers prefer the product, which meets their requirement. Bamboo flooring, which looks better & makes one feel better will create its own niche market.Being a natural product, it is unlikely to loose its charm for long time to come. II New Development Manufacturing of Bamboo flooring is comparatively a new technology. There is likely to be continuous research on the subject and regular improvement in all aspects of manufacturing. The areas, which require attention, are a) Saving on wastage b) Further mechanization c) Better & economical coating material d) Alternative uses. This will result in better flooring a t a reasonable price. So it will further gear up to meet any challenge from any new products.